The Gulen Movement: Civic Service without Borders This book seeks to develop an approp
cknowledgement | ix |
Foreword | xi |
Introduction | xv |
0.1 Particular and general aims of this study | xv |
0.2 Methodological questions | xvii |
0.2.1 Insider/Outsider research and perspective | xix |
0.2.2 Methodological consequences of the research | xx |
0.2.3 Data collection and presentation | xxii |
0.3 Present and future relevance | xxiv |
0.4 Organization of the book | xxiv |
0.5 The argument in brief | xxiv |
0.6 The multi-polar approach | xxvi |
1: Theoretical background: Collective Action | |
and Social Movements Theory | 1 |
1.1 Introduction | 1 |
1.2 Historical overview of collective action and social movements theory | 1 |
1.2.1 The ‘classical’ approaches | 2 |
1.2.2 The contemporary approaches | 3 |
1.3 Conclusion | 5 |
2: Historical Background | 11 |
2.1 Introduction | 11 |
2.2 Crises and conflicts; demands for modernization | 12 |
2.2.1 The Republican era: one-party rule | 12 |
2.2.2 Laicism | 14 |
2.2.3 Cultural revolution | 15 |
2.2.4 İnönü, ‘the National Chief’ and ‘Eternal Leader’ | 18 |
2.2.5 Democrats, 1950–1960 | 20 |
2.2.6 Military coup d’état | 24 |
2.2.7 After the executions: 1961–1970 | 27 |
2.2.8 Military coup II | 32 |
2.2.9 Collapse of public order | 34 |
2.2.10 Military coup III | 38 |
2.2.11 New ‘order’ | 39 |
2.2.12 The Özal years | 41 |
2.2.13 President Özal | 44 |
2.2.14 Political Islam? | 47 |
2.2.15 ‘Post-modern’ military coup | 48 |
2.2.16 Crash and corruption | 50 |
2.2.17 The return of Ecevit | 53 |
2.2 Implications of the historical background | 54 |
2.3 Conclusion | 60 |
3: Mobilization and Counter-mobilization | 63 |
3.1 Introduction | 63 |
3.2 The Gülen Movement | 64 |
3.2.1 Cultural mobilization: public space and making new issues visible | 64 |
3.2.2 Cultural and symbolic production | 69 |
3.2.3 Information and media | 74 |
3.2.4 Social mobility and professionalism | 81 |
3.2.5 Reflexivity or symbolic potential | 85 |
3.2.6 Transnational projects and recognition | 90 |
3.2.7 Altruistic action and its symbolic challenge | 94 |
3.2.8 The February 28 process and its aftermath | 95 |
3.2.9 (Re)defining democracy | 102 |
3.2.10 Induced resolution | 111 |
3.2.11 Success of the Movement | 111 |
3.3 Conclusion | 113 |
4: Conjunctural Factors | 119 |
4.1 Conceptualizing the Gülen Movement (GM) | 119 |
4.1.1 Is the GM a civil society initiative? | 119 |
4.1.2 Is the GM a reaction to a crisis and/or an expression of a conflict? | 122 |
4.1.3 Is the GM a sect or cult? | 134 |
4.1.4 Is the GM a political movement? | 149 |
4.1.5 Is the GM altruistic collective action and voluntary philanthropic | |
service-projects? | 165 |
4.2 Conclusion | 175 |
5: Internal Organizational Factors and Components | 181 |
5.1 Introduction | 181 |
5.2 The case of the Gülen Movement | 182 |
5.2.1 Identity, participation and relationship | 182 |
5.2.2 Goals | 201 |
5.2.3 Intervention, power and authority | 208 |
5.2.4 SMOs and commitment | 214 |
5.2.5 Leadership | 221 |
5.2.6 Incentives and rewards | 230 |
5.2.7 Factionalism | 235 |
5.3 Conclusion | 240 |
6: Summary and Conclusions | 247 |
6.1 Defining the Gülen Movement | 247 |
6.1.1 On social movements generally | 247 |
6.1.2 The Gülen Movement as cultural actor | 251 |
6.1.3 The Gülen Movement as civil society actor | 260 |
6.1.4 Internal factors in the Gülen Movement | 270 |
6.2 Implications for social movements theory | 283 |
Appendices | 289 |
Special Usages | 295 |
Notes | 299 |
Bibliography | 327 |
Index | 363 |
Muhammed Cetin (Cetin) is a sociologist who has taught at a number of universities in the US. While in the US he worked on a voluntary basis as President of the Institute of Interfaith Dialog, USA. He wrote a weekly column for the international daily Today’s Zaman until he was elected to Parliament in Turkey for the AK Party. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Foreign Affairs committee of the Turkish Parliament and a member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
He served from 2011 until the
end of 2013, when he resigned from the party in protest at the actions of the
Prime Minister, but continued to serve as an independent.
He is the author of The Gulen Movement: Civic service without borders (2010) and Hizmet: Questions and Answers on the Gulen Movement (2012), both published by Blue Dome Press, New York.